Chateau Mouton Rothschild is a wine estate situated in the village of Pauillac in the Medoc, 50 km north-west of the city of Bordeaux, France. Red wine of the same name is regarded as one of the world's greatest clarets. Originally known as Chateau Brane-Mouton it was renamed by Nathaniel de Rothschild in 1853 to Chateau Mouton Rothschild. It was the first estate to commence complete chateau bottling of the harvest.

The Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 was based entirely on recent market prices for a vineyard's wines, with one exception: Chateau Mouton Rothschild. Despite the market prices for their vineyard's wines equaling that of Chateau Lafite Rothschild, Chateau Mouton Rothschild was disqualified from First Great Growth status, an act that Baron Philippe de Rothschild referred to as "the monstrous injustice". It is widely believed that the exemption was made because the vineyard had recently been purchased by an Englishman and was no longer in French ownership.

In 1973, Mouton was elevated to "first growth" status after decades of concentrated lobbying by its powerful and powerful owner, the only change in the original 1855 classification (excepting the 1856 addition of Chateau Cantemerle).